Australia is set to formalize a mutual defence treaty with Papua New Guinea (PNG), marking a significant milestone in regional security cooperation. Prime Minister Anthony Albanese and PNG’s Prime Minister James Marape are expected to sign the long-awaited agreement as early as Monday, following their attendance at the NRL Grand Final on Sunday. The treaty, known as the Pukpuk agreement, named after the local term for crocodile, will obligate both nations to assist each other in the event of a military attack.
This treaty represents Australia’s first formal alliance since the signing of the ANZUS Treaty in 1951. It not only enhances the strategic relationship between Australia and PNG but also creates opportunities for citizens of both countries to serve in each other’s defence forces.
Strategic Importance of the Alliance
The anticipated treaty is seen as a vital step in strengthening Australia’s influence in the Pacific region, especially in the context of rising concerns about China’s expanding presence. According to David Andrews, a senior policy advisor at the ANU National Security College, “It’s only the second alliance Australia will have and our third treaty ally.” He emphasized the significance of PNG’s geographical position and historical ties, particularly during World War II.
With a population of approximately 15 million and a defence force ranging between 4,000 and 5,000 personnel, PNG’s capabilities complement Australia’s military strategy, which has long identified potential threats from the north. Andrews noted that Australia’s military planning has increasingly focused on the Pacific, making PNG a logical partner.
Financial Commitments and Regional Security
The Albanese government faces pressure to increase defence spending, with calls from the Trump administration to elevate it to 3.5% of gross domestic product. While Andrews criticized this demand, he acknowledged that Australia must invest more to uphold its commitments to PNG. “We should be increasing defence spending, not because Donald Trump has asked for it but because we have more defence obligations that are unique to Australia,” he said.
The Lowy Institute’s Oliver Nobetau stressed the strategic importance of the investment required for the alliance. “Whatever amount of money, strategically, it is a really good investment,” he stated. By ensuring PNG’s security, Australia effectively protects its own national interests in a region where geopolitical tensions are escalating.
Nobetau highlighted the pact’s potential to alleviate Australia’s “security anxiety” following the 2022 security agreement between China and the Solomon Islands. He pointed out that the benefits of the treaty will significantly outweigh the financial costs, noting that PNG’s citizens will have the unique opportunity to serve in the Australian Defence Force.
As Australia moves to solidify its relationship with PNG through the Pukpuk agreement, the focus will be on matching military commitments with necessary financial support, ensuring that both nations can navigate the complexities of regional security together.
