Warnings have circulated about Canada potentially following the United States into deep political polarization. However, recent research provides a more optimistic perspective on the state of political divisions in Canada. Conducted in collaboration with the Canadian Hub for Applied and Social Research (CHASR) at the University of Saskatchewan, the study indicates that while Canadians experience some level of partisan animosity, it is notably less intense compared to American political dynamics.
The research, surveying a nationally representative sample of **2,503 Canadians** in the summer of **2024**, focused on two key concepts: affective polarization and political sectarianism. Affective polarization measures the emotional gap between individuals who share similar political views and those who do not. This emotional divide is not about policy disagreements but rather about feelings of warmth or hostility. In contrast, political sectarianism reflects a moralized identification with one political group against another, which can threaten democratic processes.
Canada’s Affective Polarization Landscape
In the United States, affective polarization has surged over the past decade, leading to diminished trust and cooperation among citizens. Canadian responses indicate a more moderate form of this polarization. Left-wing and right-wing Canadians display a preference for their respective “in-groups,” feeling significantly warmer toward individuals who share their views than toward those with opposing beliefs. The study employed feeling thermometer ratings on a **0–100 scale**, revealing that while Canadians exhibit some degree of divide, it remains considerably less pronounced than in the U.S.
Interestingly, left-wing Canadians express stronger negative feelings towards the right than vice versa. This phenomenon aligns with trends observed in other countries, where varying perceptions of social and moral threats may explain the asymmetry in partisan attitudes.
Insights into Political Sectarianism
The research indicates low to moderate levels of political sectarianism among Canadians. Although left-wing respondents demonstrated moderate aversion towards their right-wing counterparts, few participants regarded the opposing side as immoral. Both political sides exhibited moderate levels of “othering,” indicating a tendency to view the opposing group as fundamentally different.
The findings suggest that while political differences exist, they have not escalated into extreme hatred or dehumanization. This is a crucial distinction, as severe polarization can lead to societal fragmentation and weakened democratic structures.
Identifying the Most Polarized Groups
The study found that political polarization is more pronounced among individuals on the left, particularly among supporters of the NDP, the Conservative Party of Canada, and the People’s Party. Approximately **20%** of Canadians remain politically unaffiliated, which may contribute to the higher polarization levels observed in right-leaning parties compared to the Liberal Party.
Additionally, older Canadians displayed greater polarization than their younger counterparts, while residents of Atlantic Canada exhibited less polarization than those in Alberta. Notably, the research found no significant differences in polarization related to gender, race, ethnicity, education level, sexual identity, or urban versus rural residency.
The Importance of Political Tolerance
Understanding the state of political polarization in Canada is vital for the health of its democracy. A culture of tolerance and respect across political divides is essential for maintaining trust in institutions and fellow citizens. The moderate levels of polarization and political sectarianism in Canada offer a hopeful outlook. Nonetheless, concerns persist, particularly regarding the left’s greater aversion toward the right and moderate polarization among certain political supporters.
As social media algorithms, partisan media, and political leaders often reward outrage, the potential for deeper divides remains a pressing issue. The ongoing dynamics in Canadian political culture, including a reliance on mainstream media and credible news sources, provide some insulation from the extreme polarization experienced in the U.S.
Looking Forward
While Canada currently enjoys a more balanced political landscape, it is essential to remain vigilant. The political climate in Parliament and the growing gaps on social issues between the political left and right could influence future polarization trends. The study, produced by **Emily Huddart** and **Tony Silva** with funding from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, highlights the importance of fostering dialogue and understanding among differing political viewpoints.
In summary, Canada’s political differences are evident, but they have not yet resulted in a deeply divided society. This advantage, while fragile, is one worth protecting as the nation navigates its political future.
