The Kirby Institute at the University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney has reported a significant increase in sexually transmitted infections (STIs) across Australia, with cases of syphilis and gonorrhoea doubling over the past decade. In 2024, there were 5,866 diagnoses of syphilis, illustrating a concerning trend that has led experts to declare the current situation a syphilis “epidemic.” Similarly, diagnoses of gonorrhoea have surged to 44,210 cases, also reflecting a doubling in numbers since 2014.
The Kirby Institute’s latest report highlights that 101,742 cases of chlamydia were recorded last year, with approximately half of these cases occurring in individuals aged 20 to 29. Alarmingly, the survey suggests that the actual prevalence of STIs may be even higher, as only 16 percent of Australians aged 16 to 49 have ever undergone testing for STIs. Furthermore, only 50 percent have engaged in discussions about sexual health with their healthcare providers.
Dr Skye McGregor, an epidemiologist at the Kirby Institute, expressed her concern regarding these trends, stating, “This data, on a backdrop of rising STIs, is concerning. Chlamydia, gonorrhoea and syphilis are easily treated and cured with antibiotics.” She emphasized the importance of early testing, diagnosis, and treatment to prevent serious health complications.
Consequences of Untreated STIs
If left untreated, STIs can lead to severe long-term health issues. Dr McGregor warned that untreated infections could result in pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility among women. In pregnant individuals, there is a risk of passing infections to their babies, potentially causing serious harm. Over the last decade, thirty-four infant deaths have been linked to congenital syphilis, with more than half occurring among First Nations Australians.
The survey also revealed a stark disparity in STI rates among First Nations Australians, who are diagnosed with chlamydia at more than twice the rate of non-Indigenous individuals. The rates for gonorrhoea are nearly four times higher, and for syphilis, more than five times higher. Robert Monaghan, a Bundjalung-Gumaynggir man and Manager of the Yandamanjang First Nations Health Research Program at the Kirby Institute, stressed the need for increased investment in culturally safe, community-driven health promotion, testing, and treatment.
Preventive Measures and Recommendations
To combat the rising rates of STIs, Dr McGregor recommends that sexually active Australians engage in conversations about sexual health with their partners, practice safe sex, and undergo regular STI testing. She highlighted that prevention plays a crucial role in reducing infection rates. “Condoms can reduce the risk of transmission of most STIs, which should be considered alongside other prevention approaches, such as regular testing and treatment,” she noted.
For gay and bisexual men, the use of doxycycline as post-exposure prophylaxis (doxy PEP) is available. This involves taking the antibiotic within 72 hours of sexual activity to reduce the risk of bacterial STIs, particularly syphilis and chlamydia.
Interestingly, while some STIs are on the rise, the survey indicates a 27 percent decrease in HIV diagnoses over the past decade, with 757 cases reported last year. This decline highlights the need for continued efforts in education, awareness, and access to treatment for all sexually transmitted infections.
The Kirby Institute’s findings serve as a critical reminder of the ongoing challenges in sexual health and the importance of proactive measures to address these public health issues.
