The quantum technology sector is entering a new phase following a decade of rapid expansion, according to a recent study published by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the European Patent Office (EPO). This report highlights significant growth in firm entry, investment, and innovation across quantum communication, computing, and sensing technologies.
Quantum technologies leverage the unique behavior of particles at atomic scales to process, sense, and transmit information. These advancements have applications across various fields, including health care, finance, and industry. They also hold the potential to address pressing global challenges, such as enhancing productivity, combating climate change, and improving food security.
Growth Trends and Challenges in the Quantum Ecosystem
The study reveals that international patent families (IPFs) related to quantum technologies increased sevenfold from 2005 to 2024, with a compound annual growth rate of around 20% since 2014. This growth significantly outpaces the 2% annual growth seen across all technologies. Notably, quantum computing has emerged as the sector’s most dynamic area, experiencing nearly twentyfold growth in patenting activity over the past decade. This surge allowed quantum computing to surpass quantum communication in patent filings in 2022.
The influx of new firms in the quantum space showed strong acceleration until 2021, but recent data suggests a plateau in new entries. Investment volumes peaked in 2021 before experiencing a decline in 2022 and 2023, although there has been a partial recovery in 2024. This trend aligns with broader fluctuations in venture capital markets during this period. Despite a stable number of firms receiving funding, the average deal size in the quantum sector has decreased.
OECD Secretary General Mathias Cormann emphasized the importance of fostering the right conditions for the scaling of quantum technologies, stating, “Quantum technologies have the potential to unlock higher productivity and drive scientific breakthroughs.” He highlighted the need for strategic policies that can enhance the economic contributions of quantum innovations.
The Diverse Landscape of Quantum Technologies
The quantum ecosystem comprises a diverse array of participants. Over 80% of organizations involved are established companies, universities, and public research institutions primarily engaged in activities outside quantum technologies. These entities are responsible for the majority of quantum-related patents and job postings. Established firms are likely to play a crucial role in the commercialization of quantum technologies as they mature.
The study also indicates that the industry remains heavily science-driven, with a highly educated workforce. More than 50% of founders in quantum start-ups hold a PhD, compared to approximately 10% among founders in other sectors. Job postings are predominantly in computer science (26%), science and research (25%), and education and training (10%), while roles focused on commercialization account for less than 10% of vacancies.
Despite these advancements, the quantum sector faces challenges related to the concentration and dependencies within global supply chains. Critical inputs, such as industrial diamonds and aluminum oxide, are essential for innovation, and ensuring reliable access to these materials is vital for mitigating strategic risks.
Recognizing the potential impact of quantum technologies, governments have begun to act. Over the past decade, 18 OECD countries have developed comprehensive national quantum strategies. Public research and development funding for quantum technologies has steadily increased, alongside a proportional rise in quantum-related project awards.
As the sector transitions from rapid growth to more focused development and early commercialization, governments are encouraged to balance support for foundational research with efforts to enhance supply chain resilience, cultivate a skilled talent base, and promote collaboration between public and private sectors. These measures will be critical in enabling quantum technologies to realize their economic and societal potential.
The EPO has made the press release for the report available in multiple languages, including English, French, and German.
