Concerns are escalating across Europe regarding the presence of toxic “forever chemicals,” officially known as perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), in blood, food, and water. These substances, known for their persistence in the environment, are now prompting discussions within the European Union about potential bans to address the growing health risks associated with these chemicals.
Understanding PFAS and Their Health Implications
PFAS comprises over 10,000 synthetic chemicals that are notoriously difficult to break down. Commonly found in products such as non-stick cookware, food packaging, and waterproof clothing, their widespread use correlates with significant health concerns. Research indicates that exposure to PFAS, even at low levels, can lead to serious health issues including liver damage, elevated cholesterol, compromised immune responses, low birth weights, and various types of cancer.
A comprehensive study conducted by the European Environment Agency (EEA) examined PFAS levels in the blood of teenagers across nine European countries. It revealed that approximately 14.3 percent of those tested had PFAS concentrations exceeding safe limits, with stark regional differences. For instance, only 1.3 percent in Spain were above the acceptable levels, while France reported 23.8 percent exceeding those limits.
Regulatory Actions Across Europe
France has emerged as a leader in the fight against PFAS, enacting stringent legislation that prohibits the use of these substances in cosmetics, clothing, shoes, and ski waxes starting in 2026. The country is also implementing a broader ban on PFAS in textiles, set to take effect in 2030.
Belgium is grappling with its own PFAS crisis. In 2023, local broadcaster RTBF uncovered that warnings about PFAS contamination in water supplies had been ignored for years. The US military, operating from a base in Chievres, had signaled high PFAS levels in local water back in 2017, linked to the use of firefighting foam. In 2024, nearly 1,300 residents underwent blood testing to confirm exposure.
In Italy, a court recently sentenced executives from a chemical plant to prison terms of up to 17 years for polluting water supplies with PFAS, affecting hundreds of thousands of residents. This case highlights the severe legal ramifications for those responsible for PFAS contamination.
The Netherlands has conducted a nationwide study revealing that PFAS were detected in all 1,500 blood samples tested, with nearly all exceeding health-based safety limits. This alarming finding underscores the pervasive nature of these chemicals across Europe.
As discussions about a potential EU ban continue, five countries—the Netherlands, Denmark, Germany, Norway, and Sweden—submitted a proposal to the European Chemicals Agency for a comprehensive ban on all PFAS. The proposal is currently under review, with results expected by 2026. The European Commission is considering a ban on consumer uses but may allow certain industrial applications if no alternatives are available.
Not all EU countries are equally affected by PFAS contamination. In Slovenia, the national health laboratory reports minimal contamination due to a lack of heavy industry using these chemicals. Nevertheless, the Slovenian Consumers’ Association found PFAS in nearly one-third of everyday products tested, including some already prohibited by EU regulations. In Bulgaria, the EEA indicated that the country had one of the lowest percentages of water bodies exceeding environmental quality standards for PFAS as of 2022.
As the European Union deliberates on the potential ban, the far-reaching effects of PFAS on public health and the environment are becoming increasingly apparent. The ongoing scrutiny and regulatory actions reflect a growing recognition of the need to address the risks posed by these hazardous substances.
